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Both Toulouse (2008) and Madden (2015) explore how education systems have historically failed Indigenous learners and what needs to change to create more meaningful and respectful learning environments. What stood out to me most in Toulouse’s article was her emphasis on self-esteem as central to student success. She explains that Indigenous student achievement is deeply connected to whether their identity, culture, and worldview are respected and reflected in the classroom. Learning is not treated as purely academic, but as holistic, involving emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social aspects. I’ve found this to be true in my own classroom. When students feel safe, respected, and understood, their engagement and willingness to learn changes significantly. It reinforced for me that teaching is not just about content, but about creating conditions where students feel valued and capable. Madden builds on this idea by focusing on teacher education and the responsibility educators have...